Wednesday, January 7, 2015

Am I following a cottonwood of the bitter kind?

The Laramie River is lined with the wrong kind of cottonwood, including mine (left).
... we arrived on the 10th March at a small branch of the North fork of the Platte, where we found an abundance of wood.  This stream is about one hundred feet wide, meandering north-eastwardly through a beautiful and fertile valley ...  It’s margin is partially wooded with large cottonwood of the bitter kind.  The sweet cottonwood ... is nowhere to be found    William Henry Ashley, 1825 (Dale 1918)
Cottonwoods were an important winter fuel in the American West in the 1800s, not just for heat but also to fuel the main mode of transport – the horse.  When grass was poor or covered in snow, the inhabitants – Indians, explorers, trappers and early settlers – collected young branches and inner bark to feed their horses.
Young cottonwood branches and upper branches of older trees were provided as forage for their [Teton Dakota] horses and were said to be as “good for them as oats.”  White trappers and travelers have recorded their observations as to the value of the cottonwood as forage.  (Gilmore 1919)
When the round leaf or sweet-bark cottonwood can be had abundantly, horses may be wintered with but little inconvenience.  They are very fond of this bark, and, judging by the effect produced from feeding it to my horses last winter, I suppose it almost, if not quite, as nutricious as timothy hay.   William Henry Ashley, 1825 (Dale 1918)
Horses survived and even thrived on sweet cottonwood at lower elevations, but they wouldn’t eat the bitter cottonwood of higher valleys and mountains.  In winter a horse would starve in these places.
No sweet cottonwoods anywhere.
Fur trader William Ashley and a small band of trappers camped for several days in the Laramie Valley in March of 1825, while exploring a “central route” to the Pacific.  They had been in the region long enough to know the cottonwoods.  They recognized those along the river as “of the bitter kind” while "The sweet cottonwood, such as affords food for horses, is nowhere to be found" (Dale 1918).

Not all trappers were as savvy.  In the fall of 1831, a party led by Captain AK Stephens chose the Laramie Valley for their winter camp.  Game was abundant, and the river was lined with cottonwoods.  But they didn’t notice that these were the wrong kind until the snows came; then it was too late to move.  They survived, as there was plenty of game and firewood, but their horses didn’t.
My cottonwood tree shortly after new-years day, 2015.
On new-years day, notwithstanding our horses were nearly all dead, as being fully satisfied that the few that were yet living must die soon, we concluded to have a feast in our best style; for which purpose we made preparation by sending out four of our best hunters, to get a choice piece of meat for the occasion. These men killed ten Buffaloe, from which they selected one of the fattest humps they could find and brought in, and after roasting it handsomely before the fire, we all seated ourselves upon the ground, encircling, what we there called a splendid repast to dine upon. Feasting sumptuously, cracking a few jokes, taking a few rounds with our rifles, and wishing heartily for some liquor, having none at that place we spent the day.  Zenas Leonard, 1832 (Leonard 1904)
WY Game & Fish also mistakenly assumed that cottonwoods along the Laramie River were of the sweet kind.
Today we call the sweet cottonwood “Plains cottonwood” or Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera.  The bitter one is the narrowleaf cottonwood, P. angustifolia.  Historians have assumed that early travelers such as Ashley found narrowleafs along the Laramie River (e.g. Dale 1918).  However the cottonwoods I’ve found there appear to be the lanceleaf cottonwood, Populus x acuminata, a widespread natural hybrid between the Plains and narrowleaf cottonwoods.

Below are leaves from the three cottonwoods.  From top to bottom: sweet Plains cottonwood (source), bitter narrowleaf cottonwood (source), and a cottonwood from the Laramie River – probably the hybrid lanceleaf, with broader blades and longer petioles.
When a bitter narrowleaf cottonwood crosses with a sweet Plains cottonwood, what's the result ... bitter or sweet?
Maybe I'll recruit friends to taste the inner bark of the three cottonwoods.  We could do blindfold taste tests ... how scientific!  But will I find any such intrepid companions?
Was it lanceleaf cottonwoods that the trappers camped in, finding them as bitter and unpalatable as the narrowleaf “parent”?  Or did they camp among narrowleafs – the true bitter cottonwoods?  To answer this, we need to know where specifically narrowleaf and lanceleaf (hybrid) cottonwoods grow in the Laramie Valley and vicinity.

I thought this would be easy to figure out.  In Laramie we’re lucky to have the Rocky Mountain Herbarium, at the University of Wyoming.  It's the largest herbarium between St. Louis and those on the West Coast, and the largest anywhere for Rocky Mountain plants.  The local area is generally well-represented, yet when I looked for lanceleaf cottonwood specimens from the Laramie Valley, I found only four ... and none from the river.  Most were collected on the university campus.  There was one specimen of narrowleaf cottonwood from the river, upstream in the mountains to the west.

This summer when mature leaves are available, I’ll collect a specimen from my cottonwood and add it to the Rocky Mountain Herbarium, thereby immortalizing the tree!  Hopefully I can decide what this cottonwood would best be called.  Is it sufficiently different from the narrowleaf to be called a lanceleaf?  With back-crossing, every variation is possible.  If time permits, I’ll visit other places along the river to see which cottonwoods grow where.  There's so much to learn ...
The distant cottonwood (center) is the tree I’m following.







Was my tree alive when Ashley traveled along the Laramie River in 1825?  Did Stephens and his trappers spend the winter near it in 1832?  If so, it would have been a young sapling or sucker shoots.  Cottonwoods grow fast and generally die young, only occasionally reaching 100 years of age or more (Weir 2014).








I’m grateful to Steve Sutter, Cultural Records Specialist with the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office, for introducing me to the role of cottonwoods in early exploration of the American West.  A simple question – "what kind of cottonwood grows along the river?" – and the discussions that followed made this post possible.

Sources

Cain, K.  2007.  The cottonwood tree; an American champion.  Boulder, CO:  Johnson Books.

Dale, HC, ed.  1918.  The Ashley-Smith explorations and the discovery of a central route to the Pacific 1822-1829.  Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co.  Available at Google books.

Gilmore, MR.  1919.  Use of plants by the Indians of the Missouri River region.  Bureau of American Ethnology.

Leonard, Z (Wagner, WF, ed).  1904.  Leonard's narrative, adventure of Zenas Leonard, fur trader and trapper, 1831-1836.  Cleveland: The Burrows Brothers Company.  Available at Google books.

Thybony, S.  1981.  The enthnohistory and prehistory of the Medicine Bow National Forest in Eckles, J ed.  Cultural resource overview; Medicine Bow National Forest including the Thunder Basin National Grassland.

Weir, SK.  2014.  Plains cottonwood (PDF).  Accessed January 5, 2015.
Join the fun ... follow a tree!  Kindly hosted by Lucy Corrander.

28 comments:

  1. You should recruit some horses to taste the bark of each variety. The horses get to vote :-)

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    1. Now that's a great idea, Erika! and I have friends with horses. I'll check with them. At minimum, it would be fun :)

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  2. I love the cottonwoods I've seen in Central Texas and West Texas. Oh, the sounds made by those rustling leaves.... Lovely post.

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    1. Thanks, Tina. I know what you mean about the sound of rustling leaves. It's interesting ... in summer it seems rather peaceful, in fall ominous!

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  3. How fascinating. I've learned so much about Cottonwoods and history from this post. My neighbors have a giant Plains Cottonwood that hangs over their yard and mine. I've come to appreciate it more as the years go by.

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    1. Thanks, PP. Will you be following a tree this year? I bet we would see some great photos!

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  4. A terrific post, with fascinating information and lovely (if oh-so-chilly!) photos. We are all learning about the Cottonwood with you!

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  5. Wow, I have certainly learned a lot about the types of cottonwood in your area and what they are (or are not) good for, as well as some fascinating history. Now I will be waiting to see the leaf of your own cottonwood when the time comes.

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    1. Thanks, Sara. Actually I'm a little hesitant to look at the leaves (main basis for identification). These cottonwoods hybridize so easily, along with back-crossing etc. that it seems every variation is possible. This makes it tough to decide on a name!

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  6. Great post with lots of information...
    Amanda xx

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    1. Thanks, Amanda ... I appreciate the encouraging feedback :-)

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  7. What a nice history lesson! Oh, the cottonwood, and all those wispy seed clumps floating through the air. I lived in a neighborhood years ago where some cottonwoods grew. Some days it was almost like it was snowing! Don't know if yours is the same kind, but they're very interesting trees.

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    1. Thanks, Anna. I've heard of "cottonwood snow"! Ours don't seem to produce enough to quality as snow, though we we do see their flying cottony seeds in the air come June.

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  8. Am I understanding this right - that the tree you will give to the herbarium is sufficiently different for you to be able to name it? That's incredible!
    When reading about how most of Leonard's horses died and a feast was planned, I was readying myself to learn that they ate the others. But now I need to know more about buffalo eating instead. They killed ten buffalo but ate the 'hump' of only one. What happened to the flesh of the rest?

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    1. Hi Lucy. I see I didn't make myself clear! When I contribute a specimen to the herbarium, I have to decide WHICH cottonwood it is (for the label) ... the narrowleaf or the hybrid lanceleaf. Given that they can backcross, there's just about every variation in-between. I will probably do a post about it in June, and will be more clear.

      As for those trappers and the buffalo, they probably just left the carcasses behind. It was a time of waste, game seemed so common. No one thought of conservation or sustainability then, it was terrible. Huge herds wiped out, millions of buffalo killed, often just for their hides.

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  9. Thanks for a really interesting, and informative, post along with wonderful pictures. Flighty xx

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    1. Thanks, Flighty! Best wishes for 2015 (and tree-following :-)

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  10. In this paper the bitterness was assessed by one of the authors eating a roughly equal-sized piece of leaf from each species of willow.

    http://www.wmrc.edu/projects/willow-beetles/docs/WMRS191.pdf

    I assume that the bitterness in cottonwoods comes from salicin but also populin and derivatives and that the leaf will be as bitter as the inner bark.

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    1. Cool!, thanks for the paper, Pat. I was serious about getting human friends together for a taste test. Maybe we'll try the leaves also. Gilmore wrote that Dakota Indians told him that in the old days people ate the inner bark of Plains cottonwood as it was tasty (sweet) and nutritious -- so not just for horses.

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  11. What a fascinating investigation! Both the science and the history.
    It's amazing what people and animals tried eating when they were going West and exploring the new continent.
    I have always had trouble noticing "poplars" as I think we call them here in Britain, although I think now that I came across a very old Populus deltoides in Poole Park when on holiday in Dorset last summer. Lovely tree to follow.
    If the bitter cottonwood contains salicin, can it be used to make aspirin?
    I look forward to seeing more of your posts on this subject and others in 2015.
    All the best :)

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    1. Thanks for reading, squirrelbasket! yeah ... about that salicin. I've heard that an extract from willows is strong enough to work as aspirin, but I'm not sure about cottonwoods. More investigation needed.

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  12. What a fascinating post Hollis. I love history so was interested to hear about the cottonwood trees and how the horses would eat the ones on the lower levels but starve rather than eat those higher up. I loved your thought about whether Ashley or Stevens camped near your tree, having stories makes the tree following all the more interesting.
    Thanks for visiting my post, it will be interesting to find out more local history relating to the ones I have chosen.

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    1. Thanks, Sandie ... I found the history especially interesting, would love to find more of these kinds of stories.

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  13. Hollis thank you for a really interesting post, I look forward to seeing your tree through the year, and thanks for mentioning that cottonwoods are Populus, I have some of an unknown type in my garden, Frances

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  14. Thanks, Frances. Used to be I didn't pay much attention to populars/cottonwoods ... but not anymore!

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  15. your tree posts are packed full of interesting asides and so it's always fascinating to follow your tree following. The first tree I stalked was a cottonwood - P. Nigra but stuck in an urban london square rather than your marvellous riparian landscape. I still keep an eye on her!

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  16. I live in Kansas on the Ninnescah River where it is "snowing cotton" right now (from sweet cottonwood trees). I was looking for information on equine colic caused by consuming fallen cotton on pasture grass (can't find any). One of my horses coliced last night after taking a bite of cotton covered grass. (Probably just a coincidence, but ...).
    Then I got caught up reading posts about your cottonwood journey. Have you read Where the Sky Began, Land of the Tallgrass Prairie by John Madson and his wonderful magazine article (with photos) on The Cottonwood?

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    1. I have not read those ... but would like to. He's a great writer. Do you know which magazine and issue? I bet I can find it online.

      Thanks for visiting!

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