Green and Red; Stipules and Suckers

In the foreground is skinny Spike, the hawthorn. Behind is Flash, the maple (red canopy).

Since my last report, there has been only a little change in the trees I'm following. Flash's canopy has become even more red, though we've had nothing close to a frost. Spike is still a skinny odd-looking "tree".

Flash has only a few green leaves. The foliage is pretty ragged all in all.

When backlit, the aging samaras (keys) are still beautiful.

For Spike, it is the young leaves that are reddish. The rest are still green.

Now, for botany nerds ...

This month, Spike brought up several botanical terms which I "know" but not really; terms I've heard and even used for decades, but when pressed to explain, can't. At least not confidently. So I asked Google, the expert on everything (we hope).

Stipule: "an outgrowth typically borne on both sides (sometimes on just one side) of the base of a leafstalk (the petiole). Stipules are considered part of the anatomy of the leaf ..."

If you like order, stipule classification is for you! There are types based on many different characteristics, such as duration, shape, size, position, modification, and more. I preferred the summary of function: "Stipules have various functions. Some stipules are not well understood or may be vestigial." This is the way I feel about many things these days.

This hawthorn has foliaceous stipules, i.e., similar to leaves. Being green, perhaps they contribute to photosynthesis—the business of making energy for the tree. I would guess Spike could use the help, having recently recovered from near death. And maybe this is why stipules are more prominent on the suckers (the next topic).

Enlarge to see stipules at base of leaves.

Suckers seem to be universally despised, according to Google. For example, "young stems sprouting from the base or from a spot on the trunk ... are called suckers, because they zap water and nutrients from the main tree. As suckers are unhealthy for trees and they are unsightly, it’s important to know how to eliminate them ..." More here.

The Wikipedia article about Plant Development is more open-minded (see Adventitious structures; Buds and shoots). "Adventitious buds [buds that develop in unusual locations on the plant] are often formed after the stem is wounded or pruned. The adventitious buds help to replace lost branches." I agree! Adventitious shoots are very helpful in this situation.

This is my September report for the monthly gathering of tree-followers kindly hosted by The Squirrelbasket. Worried about another long covid winter? Consider joining us. Tree-following is a good diversion, even in winter, and it's stress-free! More information here.

Where on Earth did western Nevada go?

Does the Siberian craton include part of Nevada? (source; text added).

Nevada geologists claim that their state is diverse. I think they're right. On my recent geotrip across the central part, I saw rocks and features dating from Paleozoic time to recent, from the 370-million year old limestone of Devils Gate to a 57-year old fault scarp. However, I saw nothing Precambrian. That's not because Nevada didn't exist then; it did. But now half of Proterozoic Nevada is buried, and the other half is ... GONE!

There are geologists who specialize in running plate tectonics backwards. Using a variety of evidence, they trace the paths of Earth's lithospheric plates to deduce earlier arrangements of continents. They've had some success. For example, there is general agreement that multiple smaller continents (like today) have alternated with a single or several supercontinents. But exactly how continents collided to become a supercontinent, and then how the supercontinent broke up and where the pieces went, are puzzles not easily solved.

A rift runs through it

In the late Proterozoic, roughly a billion to 700 million years ago, Earth's land masses were aggregated into a supercontinent named Rodinia (Russian for "homeland"). Then it broke up into multiple continents and terranes (smaller fragments). The ones that concern us here are Laurentia (predecessor of North America), Siberia (a separate continent then), and Eastern Antarctica.

A reconstruction of Rodinia about 900 million years ago (source); text added.

During Rodinia's breakup, a rift developed across what is now Nevada, from roughly northeast to southwest (modern day compass directions). Eastern Nevada remained part of Laurentia while western Nevada drifted away; they were separated by a widening sea.

Fortunately (for those of us who love such things), the Laurentian coastline is still with us, now called the "0.706 line". It was detected by analyzing many granitic igneous intrusions emplaced long after rifting. The rising magma passed through rocks dating from the time of Rodinia's breakup, and in the process, material from those rocks was assimilated, including two strontium isotopes—87Sr and 86Sr. This is helpful! In continental rocks, the ratio of the two isotopes is greater than 0.706; in seafloor rocks, it is less. So strontium ratios reveal where the late Proterozoic continent and seafloor met.

The 0.706 line (after Kistler & Ross 1990).

Whither western Nevada?

Returning to the original question, where did the continental fragment west of the rift go? Since it was once continuous with eastern Nevada, surely it remains similar in some way—perhaps sharing the same rocks or geological structures. So have geologists wandered the world searching for a similar chunk of continent? Of course they have!

A leading contender resides in the Siberian craton in northeast Asia. The evidence is persuasive. The Sette Daban area of Siberia and the Death Valley area in southwest Nevada share "remarkably similar" sequences of Precambrian sedimentary rocks. In both locations, these "consist of five or six variegated siliciclastic-dolomite cycles that are each made up of numerous smaller cycles ..." (MacLean 2009). Similarity at such a fine scale is compelling.

Furthermore, fossils of the two areas are similar. Especially notable are the trilobites, which usually are limited in distribution. Shared types suggest the two areas were in close proximity. Geologic features are shared as well. Dike swarms and orogenic belts align nicely when the northeast margin of the Siberian craton is placed adjacent to western Laurentia (Sears & Price 1978).

Proposed reconstruction of Rodinia ~ 1 billion years ago (Sears & Price 2003). Shared orogenic belts underlined in red ("NV?" also added).

However, other work suggests that before drifting off, Siberia was joined to Laurentia far north of today's Nevada. For example, McClean et al. (2009) showed that Large Igneous Provinces in northern Laurentia and Siberia are of similar age and chemical composition ... also persuasive evidence!

But of course if we rule out Siberia, we must return to our original question. Where is Proterozoic western Nevada—where did that rifted fragment go?!

Maybe Antarctica?

Goodge et al. (2008) think they've found it in East Antarctica, which is composed largely of Precambrian craton fragments, including rocks not unlike those buried in eastern Nevada. They also cite a boulder (found in a moraine) of a somewhat unusual granite—Type A or rapakivi. It is similar to a zone of rapakivi granites that crosses North America/Laurentia, dated at ~1.4 billion years.

Rodinia 750 million years ago; red dots are ~1.4 Ga rapakivi granites (Goodge et al. 2008) ("NV?" added).

But more work is needed. Most bedrock of Eastern Antarctica is covered in ice year round. It's difficult to get a comprehensive picture from corings and rocks in moraines.

Next question

While the plate reconstructionists haven't yet answered our question as to whither, we do know that Proterozoic western Nevada is gone. Furthermore, the growing ocean that separated it from Laurentia has disappeared too. So what makes up western Nevada now? Stay tuned.

Pine Nut metavolcanics in western Nevada—a traveler come to rest.

Sources

DeCourten, F. 2003. The Broken Land; adventures in Great Basin geology.

DeCourten, F and Biggar, N. 2017. Roadside Geology of Nevada.

Goodge, JW, et al. 2008. A positive test of East Antarctica-Laurentia juxtaposition within the Rodinia supercontinent. Science 321, 235–240.

Kistler, RW, and Ross, DC. 1990. A strontium isotopic study of plutons and associated rocks of the southern Sierra Nevada vicinity. USGS Bull. 1920.

MacLean, JS, et al. 2009. Detrital zircon geochronologic tests of the SE Siberia-SW Laurentia paleocontinental connection, Stephan Mueller Spec. Publ. Ser., 4, 111–116, https://doi.org/10.5194/smsps-4-111-2009 

Piper, JD. 2011. SWEAT and the end of SWEAT: the Laurentia–Siberia configuration during Meso-Neoproterozoic times. Int. Geol. Review 53.

Sears, JW, and Price, RA. 1978. The Siberian connection: A case for the Precambrian separation of the North American and Siberian cratons: Geology 6: 267–270.

Sears, JW, and Price, RA. 2000. New look at the Siberian connection: No SWEAT. Geology 28.

Sears, JW, and Price, RA. 2003. Tightening the Siberian connection to western Laurentia, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 115.