Pioneering Botanist Frank Tweedy, from Boom to Bust

Tweedy's Pussypaws, Lewisiopsis tweedyi, is one of at least 35 species named for topographer and botanist Frank Tweedy. Thayne Tuason photo.

In the summer of 1882, in the Cascade Mountains of Washington Territory, three men left Snoqualmie Pass to climb a high peak nearby. One of them stopped occasionally to examine wildflowers—a passion he came to regret when he realized he had fallen behind. He shouted repeatedly. But the responses were so faint they could have been echos. "I wandered all day and climbed several peaks," he would write many years later (Tweedy 1926).

Frank Tweedy was an assistant topographer with the Northern Transcontinental Survey, which was in the process of establishing a railroad route to the coast. The boss, R.U. Goode, had hoped to set up a survey station on a peak near Snoqualmie Pass, but Tweedy carried the theodolite (for measuring angles). Because of his botanical dawdling, the day ended in failure.

"You jolly well made an ass of yourself!" Tweedy fumed, while waiting for the others to return to camp. But to his surprise, he wasn't fired. Instead Goode calmly explained, "You can't make a success of two things, botany and topography both, at the same time." But Goode was wrong.

Frank Tweedy, date unknown. Union College archives, used with permission.

New England Beginnings

Frank Tweedy was born in New York City in 1854. After graduating from Union College (Schenectady) with a degree in civil engineering, he spent four field seasons surveying and mapping for the Adirondack Survey. He also collected plants.

Tweedy's botanical training remains a mystery, but his specimens show he was a serious and able botanist (1). He didn't shy away from difficult groups, and apparently found wetland plants especially interesting, collecting bulrushes, pondweeds, bladderworts, and numerous sedges. He published his discoveries—state records and notable range extensions—in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.

Tweedy specimen (in part) of Northeastern Bladderwort, Utricularia resupinata. "I do not think it uncommon through northern New York," he reported in 1880. US National Herbarium, scale in cm; added color photo by Doug McGrady (CC BY 2.0).

To the American West, Land of Discovery

Tweedy's botanizing underwent a radical change in 1882, when he was hired by the Northern Transcontinental Survey and sent to Washington Territory. No longer need he concern himself with range extensions. This was a botanical frontier, largely unexplored. A sharp-eyed collector might well find "novelties"—species new to science!

During two seasons of survey with the NTS, Tweedy made at least 112 plant collections, representing 90 species. Among them was a reedgrass grass from the Wenatchee Mountains, which Frank Lamson-Scribner, an expert on grasses, recognized as a new species—Deyeuxia tweedyi (now Calamagrostis tweedyi). This was the first of many novelties named to honor Frank Tweedy.

Tweedy's Reedgrass, from American Grasses by Frank Lamson-Scribner, 1897.

In 1884, Tweedy joined the US Geological Survey in Yellowstone National Park, where he surveyed for four topographic maps, made 605 plant collections, and published the highly-respected Flora of the Yellowstone National Park (1886). Among his collections were several novelties, including Tweedy's Plantain, Plantago tweedyi.

Tweedy's Plantain. Andrey Zharkikh photo.

Tweedy worked for the USGS in the Rocky Mountains for two decades, collecting plants wherever he went. Among his more productive projects were the Livingstone and Dillon topographic maps in southwest Montana, where he nabbed at least ten new species, including Tweedy's Daisy, Snowlover, and Thistle (Erigeron tweedyi, Chionophila tweedyi, and Cirsium tweedyi [now part of C. eatonii]).

Chionophila tweedyi, Tweedy's Snowlover. Matt Lavin photo.

But it was in Colorado that Tweedy hit the jackpot ... or so it appeared. In the 1890s and early 1900s, while working on the Telluride, Durango, Boulder and Central City topographic maps, he made well over a thousand collections, some twenty of which were determined to be new species! Yet if we check current Colorado plant lists, we find nearly all of those novelties have vanished.

Names Come and Names Go

As budding botanists, we're taught to use scientific names in spite of the off-putting Latin. We're told they are unambiguous, universal, and enduring. But then when we go out into the real world, we learn otherwise. Scientific names do change, and more frequently than some of us would like!

There are many reasons for name changes, but one is especially common—the "law of priority" (Mori 2013). If a given species is described and named by more than one botanist, the first-published name is accepted (others become synonyms). The law of priority was frequently broken in the 19th-century American West, understandably. Floras and relevant literature were inaccessible or non-existent, and communication with other botanists was slow at best.

In the case of Frank Tweedy's discoveries, an additional factor was at play. Like many plant collectors then, he sent specimens of interest to experts at botanical institutions. They decided which were new species, and then described and named them.

Per Axel Rydberg, author of Flora of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains (1917).

Tweedy sent many of his specimens to Per Axel Rydberg at the New York Botanical Garden, an expert on Rocky Mountain plants and a notorious splitter. He often recognized new species based on what others considered minor details (Tiehm & Stafleu 1990). Indeed, many of Tweedy's novelties that were named and published by Rydberg did not survive later taxonomic study. Of the twenty supposed new species from Colorado, only one has survived—the North Park or Sagebrush Beardtongue.

In 1901, Tweedy was surveying the Encampment mining district, which was mostly in southern Wyoming. However, "By reason of the faulty determination of the forty first parallel ... the State boundary was located approximately one third of a mile north of its proper position [and] consequently a narrow strip along the southern edge of the district ... is in the State of Colorado" (Spencer 1904). It was in this sliver of Colorado that Tweedy collected an interesting beardtongue. He sent the specimen to Rydberg, who designated it the holotype (basis for description) for a new species, Penstemon cyathophorus.

Tweedy's 1901 North Park Beardtongue specimen (US National Herbarium). Click to view 4 exserted stamens circled in the added closeup .

Today's botanists find the North Park Beardtongue difficult to identify with confidence unless it's in full flower. It's quite similar to Harrington's Beardtongue, differing mainly in the number of stamens exserted prominently (not just a little!) beyond the corolla lip—four in Penstemon cyathophorus, two in P. harringtonii. Despite the subtle distinction, this Rydberg species has survived its latest trial—update of the genus Penstemon for the Flora of North America.

End of an Era

Why did Tweedy find only one true novelty in Colorado? The answer probably is timing. Though the Rockies would continue to yield new plant species, the great era of botanical exploration was coming to a close by the early 1900s. No longer could a sharp-eyed plant collector rake in novelties (Williams 2003).

Did Tweedy realize what was happening? Is that why his large-scale botanizing ended after his Colorado projects? We don't know. In any case, after a field season in New Mexico, he worked for the USGS in Washington DC until his retirement in 1926. He lived another decade before passing away in 1937 at age 83 (Lesica & Kruckeberg 2017).

In his day, Frank Tweedy was highly respected as a pioneering botanist in the American West, with at least 35 species named in his honor. So it's surprising how few of today's botanists have heard of him. And until a few years ago, his presence online was negligible. But that has changed. Now there's a Wikipedia article where you can learn more about Tweedy's successful endeavors "in both botany and topography, at the same time." (2)

P.A. Rydberg named Ivesia tweedyi for Frank Tweedy, who made the first collection in 1883, in Washington Territory. Photo by brewbooks.

Notes

(1) The SEINet Portal Network is the source of information here about Tweedy specimens, unless noted otherwise. Digitization of herbaria is a work in progress; counts likely will change.

(2) Despite his early reprimand, R.U. Goode likely approved of Tweedy's double successes, for he became a close friend, and served as best man at Tweedy's wedding.

Sources (in addition to links in text)

Lesica, P and Kruckeberg, A. 2017. Frank Tweedy (1854–1937) in Potter, R, and Lesica, P (eds.). Montana's Pioneer Botanists: exploring the mountains and prairies. Montana Native Plant Society.

Spencer, AC. 1904. Copper deposits of the Encampment District, Wyoming. USGS Prof. Paper 25.

Tiehm, A, and Stafleu, FA. 1990. Per Axel Rydberg: a biography, bibliography, and list of his taxa. NY Bot. Gar. Mem. 58 (75 pp).

Tweedy, F. 1926. The Confessions of a Tenderfoot. Unpublished memoir.

Williams, RL. 2003. A Region of Astonishing Beauty—the botanical exploration of the Rocky Mountains. Roberts Rinehart Publishers.

Return to the Great Paleozoic Sea

Tiktaalik, what were you thinking?! Zina Deretsky, NSF.

In the midst of planning a tour of Paleozoic time in the Great Basin—a way to escape from this confusing disturbing world—I learned that thousands of people share my feelings. Amazing! What made the Paleozoic so alluring? It was a fish, specifically a charismatic fish that ventured onto land 375 million years ago. Tiktaalik (tic-TAH-lick) and its brethren are the progenitors of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Yes, it was wandering fish—our ancestor—that got us into this mess!

Urban legend has it that Tiktaalik lived in a late Devonian paradise. The climate was mild. Stream banks, swamps, and other places where water met land were lush with delicious nutritious plants. Life was good. There was no reason to go back to the sea, at least not yet.

But life wasn't perfect. These early tretrapods most likely were stumblers rather than walkers. It probably took them all day to find enough food, and they could not escape predators. But as one paleontologist pointed out, Tiktaalik and its brethren were not burdened with self-awareness. “Everyone is, like, only barely conscious of the idea that they’re alive.” (Ben Otoo, U. Chicago grad student)

Now the Earth is occupied by creatures greatly burdened with self-awareness. Memers rage that Tiktaalik should have stayed in the ocean, thereby saving us all. Maybe those folks should return to the Paleozoic sea themselves. That's what I plan to do.

In the "desert ranges which lie to the west as far as longitude 117° 30' there is no considerable mountain body without its exposure of Palaeozoic strata" (geologist Clarence King, 1878).

Today's Great Basin is rich in remnants of the Paleozoic sea that covered much of today's Nevada and Utah. That sea was born about 700 million years ago, when the supercontinent Rodinea was breaking up. The former west half of Nevada drifted away, leaving the eastern part and adjacent Utah underwater. This was a passive continental margin, on a single tectonic plate. There was no tectonic jostling, only geological serenity (DeCourten 2003). Tens of thousands of feet of sediment accumulated on the sinking ocean floor.

Driving across northern Utah and Nevada, you can't miss the remains of that great sea. Most mountain ranges include or are even dominated by Paleozoic strata. Guidebooks make clear that this is not a monotonous stack of rock. There are nearshore carbonates in the east, and deep water siliceous rocks to the west. Quartzites tell of massive sand floods, beds of dolomite force us to confront the mysterious "dolomite problem", and there are fossils galore.

House Range in western Utah, a monstrous tilted stack of Cambrian rock; view from west, October 2021.

Lone Mountain near Eureka, Nevada, May 2021. Click to view Eureka quartzite (arrow), product of sand floods; other strata include limestone, dolomite, and shale (DeCourten & Biggar 2017).

Steeply-tilted Permian conglomerate at Tyron Gap; sediments were eroded off the now-gone Antler highland. Sulphur Springs Range, Nevada, May 2021.

Limestone and dolomite from late Devonian time, when Tiktaalik was venturing ashore; Devils Gate west of Eureka, Nevada, May, 2021.

Maybe on this trip I will find the perfect outcrop where I can rest peacefully and imagine myself in the warm shallow waters of that great Paleozoic sea, only barely conscious of being alive. This is not a childish pursuit. For all of us, pretending can make the world more magical and meaningful (Scott Hershovitz).

Sources

DeCourten, F. 2003. The Broken Land: adventures in Great Basin geology. U. Utah Press.

DeCourten, F, and Biggar, N. 2017. Roadside Geology of Nevada. Mountain Press.

Imbler, S. 2022 (Apr 29). "Started Out as a Fish. How Did It End Up Like This?" New York Times.

King, C. 1878. Systematic geology. Report of the geological exploration of the fortieth parallel, v. II. GPO.

Spring has arrived in the Laramie Mountains :)

I have good news! When I visited the trees I'm following this year—a balsam poplar and a quaking aspen in the Laramie Mountains—I found persistent snow but also many signs of spring. It was so nice to see the area coming alive. Made me feel more alive myself!

At my height, the two trees showed no signs of change.

Populus tremuloides left, Populus balsamifera right.

High above, the aspen was in full bloom. The poplar was still dormant, which is normal for that species.

Aspen canopy covered in catkins.

Poplar canopy with just a few dead leaves.

The aspen flowers were much too far away to examine, so I checked other trees nearby. Those with catkins within reach revealed themselves to be male (quaking aspen are dioecious).

Aspen tree in full bloom.

Catkin of male flowers; click to view dark pink anthers.

Aspen grow in clones, which can be huge. Can I assume the trees in this area are a single clone and therefore my tree is male? I don't know. We'll let the mystery be.

Aspen with green photosynthetic bark were common, but occurred in groups. Some clusters were obviously green, others were nearly white. As I mentioned last month, there's a theory out that aspen bark is thin because dead cells are shed each year, forming a powder on the surface. I tested several trunks, rubbing my finger on the bark, and decided ... well ... maybe.

The scouring rushes (Equisetum) along Pole Creek near my trees are much greener now—time to get busy with photosynthesis! Several had young cones.

Click to view equisetum cones mid photo and upper right.

The brown scales of the cone have sporangia on their lower surface, which will mature to release spores.

There was another nice surprise close by—a patch of pink wintergreen, Pyrola asarifolia.

Leathery evergreen leaves.

Last year's capsules with persistent curved styles.

For more tree-following news, have a look at this site, kindly hosted by The Squirrelbasket. If you'd like to join us, see the information here (it's really easy :).